In this process, a solid cord of NT progenitor cells in the developing tail bud becomes ‘canalized’ to form a neuroepithelium (NE) surrounding a lumen, without formation or closure of neural folds ( Copp et al., 2015). 1 see Glossary, Box 1) in an apparently similar manner. Although mammals, birds and amphibians have differences in primary neurulation all undergo ‘secondary’ neurulation ( Fig. For example, there is also a sequence of neurulation events along the body axis that involves multi-site, progressive closure (‘zippering’) in mammals, a somewhat simpler sequence of closure events in birds, and almost simultaneous closure at all axial levels in amphibia ( Fig. However, primary neurulation varies between species (see Box 2). 1): the NP is initially induced to differentiate, it then undergoes bending to create the neural folds, which elevate towards the dorsal midline, and finally the neural fold tips fuse to complete the NT. Primary neurulation (see Glossary, Box 1) – the process by which the NT closes from an open neural plate (NP) – is achieved sequentially in distinct steps ( Fig. Vertebrate neurulation is a complex morphogenetic process that requires the coordination of many cellular and molecular events, and is regulated by more than 300 genes in mammals ( Wilde et al., 2014). How the neural tube (NT) forms is a central issue in developmental biology.
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